{"id":5843,"date":"2018-02-14T22:01:57","date_gmt":"2018-02-14T18:01:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lycee-amiral-bouvet.ac-reunion.fr\/?page_id=5843"},"modified":"2019-08-20T21:15:29","modified_gmt":"2019-08-20T17:15:29","slug":"femmes-de-sciences-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/femmes-de-sciences-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Femmes de Sciences : Sofia Kovalevska\u00cfa"},"content":{"rendered":"[et_pb_section bb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.27.2″ background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#000000″ use_background_color_gradient=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb background_color_gradient_start=\u00a0\u00bb#e09900″ background_color_gradient_end=\u00a0\u00bb#ffffff\u00a0\u00bb background_color_gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbradial\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_vertical_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_blur_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb40px\u00a0\u00bb 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 <\/p>\n

 SOFIA KOVALEVSKA\u00cfA <\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

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\u00a0<\/strong>Sofia Kovalevska\u00efa (15 janvier 1850, Moscou, Russie – 10 f\u00e9vrier 1891, Stockholm, Su\u00e8de) est une math\u00e9maticienne, \u00e9crivaine qui a apport\u00e9 une contribution pr\u00e9cieuse \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie des \u00e9quations aux d\u00e9riv\u00e9es partielles. Elle fut l\u2019une des premi\u00e8res femmes en Europe \u00e0 obtenir un Doctorat en Math\u00e9matiques, la premi\u00e8re \u00e0 rejoindre le comit\u00e9 de r\u00e9daction d\u2019une revue scientifique \u00ab\u00a0Acta Mathematica\u00a0\u00bb <\/em>et sans doute l\u2019une des premi\u00e8res \u00e0 \u00eatre nomm\u00e9e professeure de math\u00e9matiques dans une Universit\u00e9.<\/strong> Son p\u00e8re \u00e9tait officier d\u2019artillerie, l\u2019un de ses grands-p\u00e8res, le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Schubert, avait fait des mesures g\u00e9od\u00e9siques pour calculer les axes de la Terre. Sa famille avait une intense vie culturelle et fr\u00e9quentait notamment Dosto\u00efevski.<\/strong><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.27.2″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb1px\u00a0\u00bb link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb 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Ne pouvant entrer \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 du fait de son sexe, elle suit des cours priv\u00e9s donn\u00e9s par Weierstrass, de qui elle est une des \u00e9l\u00e8ves pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9es.<\/strong> En 1874, elle pr\u00e9sente trois m\u00e9moires : le premier sur les \u00e9quations aux d\u00e9riv\u00e9es partielles, corrigeant et am\u00e9liorant un travail de Cauchy; le second sur les int\u00e9grales ab\u00e9liennes et enfin le troisi\u00e8me sur les anneaux de Saturne.<\/strong> Elle obtient le titre de Docteur de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de G\u00f6ttingen la m\u00eame ann\u00e9e et est d\u2019ailleurs la premi\u00e8re \u00e0 l\u2019obtenir en Allemagne (Maria Gaetana Agnesi l\u2019avait obtenu \u00e0 Bologne au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle).<\/strong> Son travail sur les \u00e9quations aux d\u00e9riv\u00e9es partielles est le plus important des trois et lui vaut une reconnaissance pr\u00e9cieuse au sein de la communaut\u00e9 math\u00e9matique europ\u00e9enne. Il contient ce que l\u2019on appelle commun\u00e9ment le th\u00e9or\u00e8me de Cauchy-Kovalevska\u00efa qui donne des conditions pour l\u2019existence de solutions \u00e0 une certaine classe d\u2019\u00e9quations aux d\u00e9riv\u00e9es partielles.<\/strong> Apr\u00e8s avoir obtenu son dipl\u00f4me, elle retourne en Russie o\u00f9 nait sa fille en 1878.<\/strong> En 1881, elle se s\u00e9pare de son mari qui se suicide en 1883. Cette m\u00eame ann\u00e9e, elle accepte l\u2019invitation de Magnus Mittag-Leffler \u00e0 devenir ma\u00eetre de conf\u00e9rences en math\u00e9matiques \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Stocholm. <\/strong><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.27.2″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_vertical_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_blur_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb40px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_spread_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500″ src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2019\/08\/Sofja_Wassiljewna_Kowalewskaja_1.jpg\u00a0\u00bb \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb 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La jeune Sofia montre d\u2019excellentes dispositions pour l\u2019apprentissage des sciences et surpasse rapidement son pr\u00e9cepteur, de sorte que sa famille doit lui trouver un successeur.<\/strong> Pour pouvoir poursuivre des \u00e9tudes scientifiques \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, elle contracte un mariage blanc avec un pal\u00e9ontologue, nihiliste, comme elle, Vladimir Kovalevsky. <\/strong> Ils voyagent ensemble en Autriche, puis en Allemagne o\u00f9 en 1869 elle \u00e9tudie \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Heidelberg avec les math\u00e9maticiens L\u00e9o K\u00f6nigsberger, Paul du Bois-Reymond et le physicien Hermann von Helmholtz.<\/strong> L\u2019ann\u00e9e suivante, elle s\u2019installe \u00e0 Berlin pour suivre les cours de Karl Weiertrass. <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u00a0En 1889, elle est promue professeure titulaire.<\/strong> Ma\u00eetrisant plusieurs langues, c\u2019est en su\u00e9dois qu\u2019elle enseigne \u00e0 ses \u00e9tudiants.<\/strong> \u00c0 partir de 1884, elle rejoint le comit\u00e9 de r\u00e9daction de la revue \u00ab\u00a0Acta Mathematica\u00a0\u00bb<\/em> ; en 1888, elle est la premi\u00e8re femme \u00e9lue membre correspondant de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie russe des Sciences. Cette m\u00eame ann\u00e9e, elle obtient le prix Bordin de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences pour un travail sur la rotation d\u2019un corps solide autour d\u2019un point fixe.<\/strong> Sofia Kovalevska\u00efa n\u2019est pas qu\u2019une scientifique, elle r\u00e9dige \u00e9galement des romans dont certains \u00e0 port\u00e9e autobiographique : Une nihiliste<\/em> (1890), Souvenirs d\u2019enfance<\/em> (1889), ainsi que des essais et des po\u00e8mes.<\/strong> \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.27.2″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ 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C\u2019est une f\u00e9ministe convaincue…<\/u><\/strong> Vouant une admiration particuli\u00e8re aux math\u00e9matiques, Sofia Kovalevska\u00efa se donne toujours les moyens de r\u00e9ussir dans ce domaine. Pour y parvenir, elle parcourt un tr\u00e8s long chemin.<\/strong> En effet, l\u2019id\u00e9ologie de l\u2019\u00e9poque dit que les Femmes ne peuvent \u00e9tudier, enseigner les mati\u00e8res scientifiques. Elle subit de nombreuses vexations \u00e0 de nombreuses reprises, comme par exemple, lorsqu\u2019elle veut entrer \u00e0 l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences apr\u00e8s la proposition de Mittag-Leffler. Sa candidature est rejet\u00e9e, l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie pr\u00e9textant :<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0Si l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie commence \u00e0 \u00e9lire des Femmes parmi ses membres, dans quelles esp\u00e8ces iront nous chercher les suivants, auxquels des \u00eatres de la Cr\u00e9ation s\u2019arr\u00eatera-t-elle ? \u201c<\/em><\/strong> \u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Par la suite, c\u2019est gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019aide de nombreux scientifiques comme Poincar\u00e9 que Sofia Kovalevska\u00efa r\u00e9ussit \u00e0 avancer.<\/strong> Ce sont ces combats pour s\u2019imposer dans ce domaine qui la pousse \u00e0 d\u00e9fendre la cause des Femmes.<\/strong> Selon elle, sa destin\u00e9e est de servir la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 dans les sciences mais aussi de travailler pour la Justice en ouvrant de nouveaux chemins pour les Femmes.<\/strong> Pour elle:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0Il y a int\u00e9r\u00eat pour l\u2019homme lui-m\u00eame \u00e0 retirer la femme de la vie stagnante du d\u00eener, du bal et du concert pour la jeter au grand air des belles choses.\u201c<\/em><\/strong> \u00a0<\/strong>Sofia Kovalevska\u00efa se bat ainsi toute sa vie pour am\u00e9liorer le statut des Femmes, en sciences comme dans la vie.<\/strong> \u00a0<\/strong>… aux fortes convictions politiques<\/u><\/strong> Pendant son enfance, le Tsar r\u00e8gne de mani\u00e8re absolue\u00a0; parmi ceux qui s\u2019opposent \u00e0 cette tyrannie, des \u00e9tudiants et des intellectuels. Anna, sa s\u0153ur lui fait d\u00e9couvrir les injustices sociales et l\u2019id\u00e9ologie nihiliste*.<\/strong> Les jeunes femmes nihilistes pour fuir leur milieu et faire des \u00e9tudes contractent alors un mariage blanc (un mariage dans lequel chacun des \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9poux\u00a0\u00bb conservait sa Libert\u00e9). Sofia \u00e9pouse ainsi Vladimir Kovalevski, nihiliste, que lui pr\u00e9sente sa s\u0153ur.<\/strong> En 1871, lors de la Commune de Paris, Sofia Kovalevska\u00efa se rend \u00e0 Pris pour retrouver et aider sa s\u0153ur qui s\u2019y trouve. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Elle y aide les Communards en tant qu\u2019infirmi\u00e8re durant quelques semaines.<\/strong> Son roman, en partie autobiographique, \u201eUne nihiliste\u201c d\u00e9nonce la mis\u00e8re des serfs qui repr\u00e9sentent 80% de la population russe, et estime que seule une r\u00e9volution peut mettre fin \u00e0 la mis\u00e8re.<\/strong> Cet engagement on le retrouve aussi dans cette phrase :<\/strong> \u201eUn \u00c9tat d\u00e9mocratique, s\u2019il n\u2019est pas vraiment socialiste, est la plus grande horreur que l\u2019on puisse rencontrer !\u201c<\/em><\/strong> \u00a0<\/em><\/strong> \u00a0<\/em><\/strong> * Nihilisme: est un terme issu du roman de Tourgueniev \u00ab\u00a0P\u00e8res et Fils\u00a0\u00bb en 1863. Ce mouvement est compos\u00e9, en majorit\u00e9, d\u2019\u00e9tudiants russes au XIXe si\u00e8cle. Il se caract\u00e9rise par une critique sur les r\u00e9formes politiques et sociales en refusant toute contrainte de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 sur l\u2019individu. Mais surtout \u00e0 ne croire en rien \u201e Ni Dieu, ni Ma\u00cetre…..\u201c<\/strong> \u00a0<\/strong> \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.27.2″ use_background_color_gradient=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb background_color_gradient_start=\u00a0\u00bb#ffffff\u00a0\u00bb background_color_gradient_end=\u00a0\u00bb#ffffff\u00a0\u00bb background_color_gradient_type=\u00a0\u00bbradial\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_vertical_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_blur_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb40px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_spread_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500″ background_color_gradient_end_position=\u00a0\u00bb96%\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.27.2″ 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R\u00e9dactrice: Fumonde L\u00e9a \u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Sources principales :<\/strong><\/p>\n