{"id":5855,"date":"2018-02-14T22:07:07","date_gmt":"2018-02-14T18:07:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lycee-amiral-bouvet.ac-reunion.fr\/?page_id=5855"},"modified":"2019-10-28T21:12:51","modified_gmt":"2019-10-28T17:12:51","slug":"femmes-de-sciences-5","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/femmes-de-sciences-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Mary Edwars Walker"},"content":{"rendered":"[et_pb_section bb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ inner_width=\u00a0\u00bb90%\u00a0\u00bb inner_max_width=\u00a0\u00bb1200px\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.15″ src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2018\/09\/MARY-EDWARDS-WALKER.jpg\u00a0\u00bb show_in_lightbox=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb 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Une \u00e9ducation et des \u00e9tudes \u00ab hors normes \u00bb dans la premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 du XIXe<\/p>\n

Mary Edwards Walker na\u00eet le 26 novembre 1832 \u00e0 Oswego dans l\u2019\u00c9tat de New York. La fratrie de 6 enfants est \u00e9lev\u00e9e par des parents progressistes \u00ab Libres penseurs \u00bb Alva et Vesta Whitcomb Walker qui les encouragent \u00e0 poursuivre des \u00e9tudes. Mary et sa s\u0153ur s\u2019orientent vers l\u2019enseignement, mais Mary d\u00e9cide de poursuivre des \u00e9tudes de m\u00e9decine \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 de m\u00e9de-cine de Syracuse et, en 1855, elle en sort docteur en m\u00e9decine \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de 23 ans.<\/p>\n

Elle ouvre un cabinet priv\u00e9, \u00e9pouse Albert Miller, m\u00e9decin lui aussi, et le couple s\u2019installe \u00e0 Rome, petite ville de l\u2019\u00c9tat de New York. Le couple ne r\u00e9sistera pas la forte personnalit\u00e9 de Mary. Cependant, sa client\u00e8le est modeste, peu de patients \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque accepte d\u2019\u00eatre soign\u00e9s par une femme.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_vertical_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_blur_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb40px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_spread_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500″ src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2019\/10\/MARY-EDWARD.jpg\u00a0\u00bb \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ 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Une femme m\u00e9decin engag\u00e9e durant la guerre de S\u00e9cession.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00e8s le d\u00e9but de la Guerre civile, Mary Walker se rend \u00e0 Washington et se porte volontaire pour rejoindre l\u2019Union mais, ne pouvant exercer en tant que m\u00e9decin, elle travaille comme infirmi\u00e8re volontaire dans un h\u00f4pital. Durant ce s\u00e9jour, ses qualit\u00e9s de m\u00e9decin sont reconnues par le docteur J.N.Green qui la recommande afin qu\u2019elle obtienne un poste de chirurgien: la requ\u00eate est rejet\u00e9e.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Au cours de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1862, elle poursuit sa formation et obtient un nouveau dipl\u00f4me en m\u00e9decine \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Hygeia (\u00c9tat de New York), et, en novembre, retourne \u00e0 Washington. Apr\u00e8s la bataille de Fredericksburg, M. Walker intervient sur le champ de bataille en tant que chirurgien et soigne les bless\u00e9s dans un h\u00f4pital de campagne. Elle organise aussi la \u00ab\u00a0Women Relief Organization\u00a0\u00bb qui vient en aide aux femmes et m\u00e8res de soldats bless\u00e9s qui se rendaient \u00e0 Washington.<\/p>\n

En 1863, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des lettes de recommandation attestant de ses comp\u00e9tences m\u00e9dicales, elle se rend dans le Tennessee\u00a0; en septembre, elle obtient un poste au d\u00e9partement de la guerre comme de nombreux coll\u00e8gues masculins en tant qu\u2019\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0assistant chirurgien\u00a0\u00bb, c\u2019est \u00e0 dire l\u2019\u00e9quivalent du grade et de la paye d\u2019un lieutenant ou d\u2019un capitaine. C\u2019est la premi\u00e8re femme chirurgien de l\u2019arm\u00e9e am\u00e9ricaine avec un contrat \u00ab\u00a0d\u2019aide assistant chirurgien civil\u00a0\u00bb dans l\u2019arm\u00e9e de Cumberland. Elle est dans le 52e R\u00e9giment de l\u2019Ohio et traverse souvent les lignes conf\u00e9d\u00e9r\u00e9es pour s\u2019occuper des civils.<\/p>\n

Durant l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 1864 elle est faite prisonni\u00e8re et apr\u00e8s avoir pass\u00e9 4 mois dans la prison de Richmond, elle et une douzaine d\u2019autres chirurgiens sont \u00e9chang\u00e9s contre des chirurgiens conf\u00e9d\u00e9r\u00e9s. Elle reprend du service aupr\u00e8s du 52e R\u00e9giment de l\u2019Ohio, mais elle passe le reste de la guerre \u00e0 soigner les femmes de la prison de Louisville ainsi que des orphelins.<\/p>\n

Elle re\u00e7oit une pension pour une atrophie musculaire dont elle souffre depuis son s\u00e9jour en prison.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_vertical_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_blur_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb40px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_spread_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500″ src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2019\/10\/MARY-EDWARD-02.jpg\u00a0\u00bb \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ 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C\u2019est la seule femme \u00e0 avoir re\u00e7u la M\u00e9daille d\u2019Honneur du Congr\u00e8s<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le 11 novembre 1865, le Pr\u00e9sident Andrew Johnson lui conf\u00e8re la \u00ab\u00a0M\u00e9daille d\u2019Honneur du Congr\u00e8s\u00a0\u00bb, suite aux lettres de recommandation des g\u00e9n\u00e9raux Sherman et Thomas pour ses services rendus durant la guerre.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0 Elle s\u2019est d\u00e9vou\u00e9e avec un grand z\u00e8le patriotique aux malades et aux bless\u00e9s <\/strong>tant sur les champs de bataille que dans les h<\/strong>\u00f4pitaux\u00a0\u00bb <\/strong>Citation pour sa M\u00e9daille d\u2019Honneur<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Cette m\u00e9daille lui est ensuite enlev\u00e9e ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 910 autres r\u00e9cipiendaires en 1917 parce qu\u2019il s\u2019agissait de civils et non de soldats. Mary Walker refuse de rendre sa m\u00e9daille et continue de la porter jusqu\u2019\u00e0 sa mort.<\/p>\n

Suite au combat men\u00e9 par les membres de sa famille, elle lui fut restitu\u00e9e en 1977 par le Pr\u00e9sident Carter.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb1px\u00a0\u00bb link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb 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Une f\u00e9ministe de la premi\u00e8re heure.<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00e8s son plus jeune \u00e2ge, Mary Walker se distingue par ces choix vestimentaires, rejetant les codes de l\u2019\u00e9poque. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0 I don\u2019t wear men\u2019s clothes, I wear my own clothes\u00a0<\/strong>\u00bb\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Je ne porte pas des v\u00eatements masculins, je porte mes propres v\u00eatements\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_vertical_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_blur_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb40px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_spread_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500″ src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2019\/10\/MARY-EDWARD-03.jpg\u00a0\u00bb \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ 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Pour elle, les tenues f\u00e9minines (robes) \u00e9taient trop inconfortables, g\u00eanant la mobilit\u00e9. Elle portait le plus souvent des pantalons et une longue veste.<\/p>\n

Durant la guerre, elle porte un uniforme modifi\u00e9 : un pantalon bleu avec des coutures dor\u00e9es, une robe bleue ressemblant \u00e0 une redingote d\u2019officier et un feutre afin de pouvoir mieux exercer. Ce choix est aussi celui de nombreuses militantes qui mettent en avant que les corsets et les jupes longues sont nocives \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 des femmes et parce que ces v\u00eatements entravaient leurs activit\u00e9s. Mary Walker fit le choix de porter le \u00ab\u00a0Bloomer\u00a0\u00bb invent\u00e9 par Am\u00e9lia Bloomer.<\/p>\n

Ces choix notamment vestimentaires lui ont caus\u00e9 de tr\u00e8s nombreux d\u00e9sagr\u00e9ments et moqueries, comme en 1870 \u00e0 la Nouvelle Orl\u00e9ans o\u00f9 elle fut arr\u00eat\u00e9e parce qu\u2019elle \u00e9tait v\u00eatue comme un homme et fut soup\u00e7onn\u00e9e d\u2019homosexualit\u00e9. Elle ne fut rel\u00e2ch\u00e9e que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un membre de la cour qui l\u2019avait reconnue.<\/p>\n

En 1866, elle devient pr\u00e9sidente de la \u00ab\u00a0National Dress Reform Association\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

Mary Walker est une suffragette convaincue, elle lutte pour que le droit de vote soit accord\u00e9 aux femmes\u00a0; elle en fut une ardente avocate\u2026 En 1912 et 1914, elle d\u00e9fend la cause des femmes \u00e0 travers des livres dont le plus connu est \u00ab\u00a0Hit\u00a0\u00bb dans lequel elle aborde de nombreux th\u00e8mes comme le mariage, la r\u00e9forme vestimentaire, le tabac, la franchise des femmes, le divorce, le travail\u2026<\/p>\n

Elle publie en 1878: \u00ab\u00a0 Unmasked : The Science of Immorality\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

Elle \u00e9crit aussi pour un magazine pour les femmes : \u00ab\u00a0Sibyl\u00a0\u00bb dans lequel elle d\u00e9fend des th\u00e8mes comme celui du pouvoir de la pens\u00e9e des femmes et de l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 des chances<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_vertical_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_blur_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb40px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_spread_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500″ src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2019\/10\/MARY-EDWARD-05.jpg\u00a0\u00bb \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb 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Mary Walker poursuit ses combats jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la fin de sa vie\u00a0; elle meurt le 21 f\u00e9vrier 1919 \u00e0 Oswego.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb1px\u00a0\u00bb link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb 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Sources:<\/p>\n

Les tuniques Bleues, N\u00b054: MISS WALKER<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Sites internet:<\/p>\n

https:\/\/cfmedecine.nlm.nih.gov\/physicians\/biography<\/a><\/p>\n

www.newworlencyclopedia.org\/..;Mary_Edwards_walker<\/a><\/p>\n

www.nndb.com\/people\/org\/000206470<\/a><\/p>\n

www.nps.gov\/people\/mary-walker.html<\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/amricancivilwar.com\/women\/mary_edwards_walker.html<\/a><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_vertical_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_blur_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb40px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_spread_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500″ src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2019\/10\/MARY-EDWARD-06.jpg\u00a0\u00bb \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> Une \u00e9ducation et des \u00e9tudes \u00ab hors normes \u00bb dans la premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 du XIXe Mary Edwards Walker na\u00eet le 26 novembre 1832 \u00e0 Oswego dans l\u2019\u00c9tat de New York. La fratrie de 6 enfants est \u00e9lev\u00e9e par des parents progressistes \u00ab Libres penseurs \u00bb Alva et Vesta Whitcomb Walker qui les encouragent \u00e0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3308,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"class_list":["post-5855","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5855","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3308"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5855"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5855\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9513,"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5855\/revisions\/9513"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5855"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}