{"id":6853,"date":"2018-09-20T08:35:07","date_gmt":"2018-09-20T04:35:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lycee-amiral-bouvet.ac-reunion.fr\/?page_id=6853"},"modified":"2019-10-28T21:55:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-28T17:55:09","slug":"femmes-de-sciences-6","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/femmes-de-sciences-6\/","title":{"rendered":"Caroline Herschel"},"content":{"rendered":"[et_pb_section bb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ inner_width=\u00a0\u00bb90%\u00a0\u00bb inner_max_width=\u00a0\u00bb1200px\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.15″ src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2018\/09\/CAROLINE-HERSCHEL.jpg\u00a0\u00bb show_in_lightbox=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb align=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb 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Une enfance qui lui r\u00e9v\u00e8le ses passions<\/strong>
Caroline Lucretia Herschel est n\u00e9e \u00e0 Hanovre le 16 mars 1750 dans une fratrie de 8 enfants dont 6 surv\u00e9curent. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de 10 ans, Caroline est atteinte du typhus, ce qui stoppe sa croissance : elle ne d\u00e9passera pas 1,40m et sa m\u00e8re est alors convaincue qu\u2019elle restera c\u00e9libataire et devra subvenir seule \u00e0 ses besoins. L\u2019\u00e9ducation sous la tutelle de sa m\u00e8re se r\u00e9duit aux travaux de couture et \u00e0 la gestion d\u2019une maison ; elle accepte cependant qu\u2019elle re\u00e7oive une \u00e9ducation musicale et suive des cours de chant. Son p\u00e8re a une autre vision et consid\u00e8re que ses filles doivent recevoir la m\u00eame l\u2019\u00e9ducation que les gar\u00e7ons : elle sait lire, \u00e9crire et \u00e0 des connaissances de base en math\u00e9matique et en astronomie. Son p\u00e8re Isaac est militaire, mais aussi hautbo\u00efste dans la Garde \u00e0 pied de Hanovre et il donne une \u00e9ducation musicale \u00e0 ses enfants permettant notamment \u00e0 son fils Wilhelm de d\u00e9velopper ses talents et de devenir organiste. Isaac Herschel est aussi passionn\u00e9 d\u2019astronomie et il fait partager cette passion \u00e0 ses enfants, en particulier \u00e0 Wilhelm et Caroline.
Isaac Herschel participe de 1757 \u00e0 1760 \u00e0 la Guerre de Sept ans et en revient fortement diminu\u00e9, il meurt en 1767. Caroline cantonn\u00e9e \u00e0 des t\u00e2ches m\u00e9nag\u00e8res, est malheureuse et son fr\u00e8re Wilhelm qui vit en Angleterre d\u00e9cide de la faire venir aupr\u00e8s de lui en 1772.<\/p>\n

Entre musique et \u00e9toile<\/strong>
C\u2019est donc \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de 22 ans qu\u2019elle suit son fr\u00e8re Wilhelm de 12 ans son a\u00een\u00e9 en Angleterre, plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment \u00e0 Bath o\u00f9 il est organiste et enseignant.
Il a besoin d\u2019elle, au d\u00e9part, en tant que gouvernante, mais il lui donne rapidement l\u2019opportunit\u00e9 de chanter en tant que soliste : elle devient rapidement premi\u00e8re soliste et a un r\u00f4le d\u2019encadrement aupr\u00e8s du ch\u0153ur. Elle re\u00e7oit de nombreuses offres pour des repr\u00e9sentations et elle aurait certainement fait carri\u00e8re si son autre passion n\u2019avait pris le dessus.
Son fr\u00e8re prend le temps de lui donner des cours d\u2019anglais qu\u2019elle ne parlait pas, mais aussi de math\u00e9matiques, de g\u00e9om\u00e9trie, d\u2019alg\u00e8bre et de trigonom\u00e9trie.
Caroline acquiert des comp\u00e9tences suffisantes en trigonom\u00e9trie sph\u00e9rique pour en faire un usage pratique. L\u2019astronomie occupe tout le temps libre de Wilhelm et le sien. Pour mener \u00e0 bien ses observations, Wilhelm a besoin de son propre t\u00e9lescope et il demande l\u2019aide de Caroline pour le r\u00e9aliser : c\u2019est elle qui meule et polit les miroirs qui n\u00e9cessitent beaucoup de pr\u00e9cision et de justesse, il lui demande aussi son aide pour copier des catalogues.
La vie de Wilhelm et Caroline prend un nouveau tournant en 1781, lorsque que Wilhelm d\u00e9couvre une nouvelle plan\u00e8te qu\u2019il baptise au d\u00e9part \u00ab Georgius Sidus \u00bb en hommage au roi Georges III et qui plus tard prend le nom d\u2019Uranus. Cette d\u00e9couverte permet \u00e0 Wilhelm de se consacrer uniquement \u00e0 l\u2019astronomie : on lui offre une position d\u2019astronome royal \u00e0 la cour de Windsor avec un traitement de 200 livres par an.
Pour Caroline, c\u2019est aussi faire un choix entre une carri\u00e8re de chanteuse prometteuse ou poursuivre son travail aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de son fr\u00e8re en tant qu\u2019assistante scientifique.
C\u2019est cette voie qu\u2019elle choisit et elle sera pay\u00e9e par la cour comme assistante qualifi\u00e9e avec un salaire de 50 livres par an : Caroline Herschel est la premi\u00e8re femme \u00e0 recevoir un salaire dans ce cadre.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb1px\u00a0\u00bb 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Caroline prenant des notes sur les observations faites par son fr\u00e8re durant la nuit du 13 mars 1781, nuit o\u00f9 il d\u00e9couvrit la plan\u00e8te Uranus (illustration de Paul Fouch\u00e9<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_vertical_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_blur_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb40px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_spread_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500″ src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2019\/10\/CAROLINE-HERSCHEL-01.jpg\u00a0\u00bb \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image 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Wilhelm et elle construisent un t\u00e9lescope g\u00e9ant.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Elle d\u00e9bute, alors, ses propres recherches en astronomie, sp\u00e9cialement int\u00e9ress\u00e9e par les com\u00e8tes : entre 1786 et 1797, elle en d\u00e9couvre 8 et son travail est reconnu aupr\u00e8s de la communaut\u00e9 des astronomes.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Sir, in consequence of the friendship which I know to\u00a0exist between you and my brother, I venture to trouble you, in his absence, with the following imperfect account of a comet : (\u2026) as (my brother) is now on a visit to Germany, I have taken the opportunity to sweep in the neighbourhood of the sun in search of comets; and last night, the 1st of August, about 10 o\u2019clock, I found an object very much resembling in colour and brightness the 27 nebula of the Connaissance des Temps<\/em>, with the difference, however, of being round. I suspected it to be a comet; (\u2026)\u00a0\u00bb, Miss Herschel To Dr. Blagden. August 2, 1786. (Herschel 1876, 65-66).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Le mariage de son fr\u00e8re avec Mary Pitt en 1788 fait \u00e0 nouveau basculer son existence, elle d\u00e9m\u00e9nage mais vient r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement chez son fr\u00e8re pour poursuivre ses recherches.<\/p>\n

Durant des nuits enti\u00e8res, elle observe les cieux avec son fr\u00e8re ; notant les positions des \u00e9toiles gr\u00e2ce au t\u00e9lescope g\u00e9ant qu\u2019elle a construit avec lui.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb1px\u00a0\u00bb link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ 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Une scientifique reconnue.<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ses qualit\u00e9s de pers\u00e9v\u00e9rance, de pr\u00e9cision et de justesse dans ses observations lui offrent l\u2019opportunit\u00e9 de mettre \u00e0 jour le catalogue des \u00e9toiles du 1er astronome royal J. Flamsteed (1646-1719). Ce catalogue \u00e9tait d\u2018une utilisation difficile car les observations originelles \u00e9taient publi\u00e9es dans un volume s\u00e9par\u00e9 du catalogue.<\/p>\n

Au cours de ses propres observations, W. Herschel a mis en avant de nombreuses contradictions ou divergences avec les observations de Flamsteed. N\u2019ayant pas le temps de se consacrer \u00e0 ce travail, c\u2019est \u00e0 sa s\u0153ur qu\u2019il demande de r\u00e9aliser cette t\u00e2che de grande ampleur.<\/p>\n

Ce nouveau catalogue est publi\u00e9 par la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale d\u2019astronomie en 1798, il contient un index pour chaque observation d\u2019\u00e9toile r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par Flamsteed, mais surtout, il comporte une liste de 560 autres \u00e9toiles ne se trouvant pas dans le catalogue originel.<\/p>\n

En 1822, W. Herschel meurt et Caroline d\u00e9cide de rentrer \u00e0 Hanovre, d\u00e9cision qu\u2019elle regrettera, ayant l\u2019essentiel de ses amis en Angleterre, ainsi que son neveu John qui poursuit aussi une carri\u00e8re en astronomie et dont elle suit les travaux.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_vertical_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_blur_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb40px\u00a0\u00bb box_shadow_spread_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb500″ src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2019\/10\/CAROLINE-HERSCHEL-03.jpg\u00a0\u00bb \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb 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Elle r\u00e9dige aussi un nouveau catalogue de n\u00e9buleuses n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 la poursuite des travaux de son neveu, mais qui ne fut pas publi\u00e9. Ce travail est lui aussi r\u00e9compens\u00e9 par la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale d\u2019astronomie par une m\u00e9daille d\u2019or en 1828.<\/p>\n

Elle devient une l\u00e9gende parmi ses confr\u00e8res et re\u00e7oit la visite certains d\u2019entre eux \u00e0 Hanovre.<\/p>\n

Elle et Mary Somerville sont les deux premi\u00e8res femmes \u00e0 \u00eatre r\u00e9compens\u00e9es en tant que membres honoraires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale.<\/p>\n

Elle est \u00e9lue membre de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie royale irlandaise en 1833 et re\u00e7oit une m\u00e9daille d\u2019or pour son travail et ses d\u00e9couvertes de la part du roi de Prusse : d\u00e9coration remise par Humboldt.<\/p>\n

Elle meut \u00e0 Hanovre le 9 janvier 1848 \u00e0 \u00e2ge de 97 ans et laisse derri\u00e8re elle une importante contribution \u00e0 l\u2019astronomie.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.0.3″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00a0\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb1px\u00a0\u00bb link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00a0\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ 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Sources:<\/u>

https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.fr.org\/wiki\/Caroline_Herschel<\/u><\/a><\/u><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.futura-sciences.com\/sciences\/…\/astronomie-caroline-herschel-875\/<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.astronoo.com\/fr\/biographies:lucretia-herschel.html<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.history.mcs.st-and-ac.uk\/Printonly\/Herschel_Caroline.html<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.fembio.org\/english:biography.php\/\u2026\/caroline-herschel<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> Une enfance qui lui r\u00e9v\u00e8le ses passionsCaroline Lucretia Herschel est n\u00e9e \u00e0 Hanovre le 16 mars 1750 dans une fratrie de 8 enfants dont 6 surv\u00e9curent. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de 10 ans, Caroline est atteinte du typhus, ce qui stoppe sa croissance : elle ne d\u00e9passera pas 1,40m et sa m\u00e8re est alors convaincue qu\u2019elle […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3308,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"class_list":["post-6853","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6853","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3308"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6853"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6853\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6892,"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6853\/revisions\/6892"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/etab.ac-reunion.fr\/lyc-amiral-bouvet\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6853"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}